Richard’s reign is most famously defined by his leadership during the Third Crusade, a campaign launched in response to the capture of Jerusalem by the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187. Richard joined forces with Philip II of France and Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa (who died en route).

Journey to the Holy Land

Richard set sail for the Holy Land in 1190, stopping in Sicily and later capturing Cyprus, which became a vital base for the Crusaders. In 1191, he landed at Acre, joining the ongoing siege of the city. After its capture, Richard ordered the execution of thousands of Muslim prisoners—an action that remains controversial.

Battles Against Saladin

Richard proved to be a formidable commander, winning key victories such as the Battle of Arsuf in 1191. He advanced toward Jerusalem but failed to capture it due to internal disputes, logistical difficulties, and fear of being cut off from supplies. Despite mutual respect between Richard and Saladin, the Crusade ultimately ended in a truce in 1192, allowing Christian pilgrims access to Jerusalem, though the city remained under Muslim control.

Captivity and Ransom (1192–1194)

On his return journey, Richard was shipwrecked and forced to travel across Europe in disguise. He was captured near Vienna by Leopold V of Austria, whom Richard had insulted during the Crusade. Richard was handed over to Emperor Henry VI, who demanded a staggering ransom of 150,000 marks—about three times the annual revenue of the English crown.

England was heavily taxed to raise the money. Even churches donated treasures. Richard was finally released in 1194, after 14 months of captivity. shutdown123